《中国古代文化常识选讲》讲义

约181060字。第一讲   中国古代天文··············································································································································· 1 
　　一、天文学的产生和地位······································································································ 1 
　　二、五曜与七曜······················································································································ 2 
　　三、三垣二十八宿及四象······································································································ 3 
　　四、南斗和北斗······················································································································ 6 
　　五、十二辰与十二次·············································································································· 8 
　　六、占星术和分野·················································································································· 9 
　　第二讲   中国古代历法············································································································································· 11 
　　一、日、月、年···················································································································· 11 
　　二、四时（四季）与“三九”、“三伏”········································································ 12 
　　三、二十四节气···················································································································· 13 
　　四、阳历、阴历、阴阳历···································································································· 15 
　　五、“世纪”、“年代”、“星期”、“礼拜”···························································· 17 
　　六、纪年法···························································································································· 18 
　　七、纪月法···························································································································· 20 
　　八、纪日法···························································································································· 22 
　　九、纪时法···························································································································· 23 
　　十、趣味历法························································································································ 24 
　　第三讲   中国古代节日············································································································································· 26 
　　一、元旦、春节···················································································································· 26 
　　二、人日································································································································ 27 
　　三、上元节···························································································································· 28 
　　四、中和节···························································································································· 29 
　　五、社日································································································································ 30 
　　六、寒食节与清明节············································································································ 30 
　　七、花朝节···························································································································· 33 
　　八、上巳节···························································································································· 33 
　　九、浴佛节···························································································································· 34 
　　十、端午节···························································································································· 35 
　　十一、七夕节························································································································ 37 
　　十二、中元节························································································································ 38 
　　十三、中秋节························································································································ 39 
　　十四、重阳节························································································································ 42 
　　十五、冬至节························································································································ 43 
　　十六、腊八节························································································································ 43 
　　十七、小年···························································································································· 44 
　　十八、除夕···························································································································· 44 
　　第四讲   中国古代数学············································································································································· 48 
　　一、十进制···························································································································· 48 
　　二、计算工具和方法············································································································ 49 
　　三、数学成就························································································································ 50 
　　第五讲   中国古代物理············································································································································· 53 
　　一、发展概况························································································································ 53 
　　二、磁学成就························································································································ 54 
　　三、力学成就························································································································ 56 
　　四、光学成就························································································································ 58 
　　五、声学成就························································································································ 60 
　　六、电学成就························································································································ 62 
　　第六讲   中国古代化学············································································································································· 65 
　　一、陶瓷技术························································································································ 65 
　　二、冶金技术························································································································ 65 
　　三、造纸术···························································································································· 68 
　　四、物质理论························································································································ 69 
　　五、炼金术···························································································································· 70 
　　六、火药································································································································ 71 
　　七、石油································································································································ 73 
　　八、豆腐································································································································ 73 
　　第七讲   中国古代医学············································································································································· 77 
　　一、独特的理论体系············································································································ 77 
　　二、中医的基础···················································································································· 77 
　　三、医学理论························································································································ 77 
　　四、诊断方法························································································································ 78 
　　五、治疗方法························································································································ 78 
　　六、外科学···························································································································· 78 
　　七、免疫学···························································································································· 79 
　　八、著作成就························································································································ 81 
　　九、著名医家························································································································ 83 
　　第八讲   中国古代书法············································································································································· 88 
　　一、书法艺术的产生············································································································ 88 
　　二、书法艺术的发展············································································································ 88 
　　三、书法艺术的成熟············································································································ 89 
　　四、个性化的时代················································································································ 90 
　　五、历代名家························································································································ 92 
　　第九讲   中国古代绘画············································································································································· 95 
　　一、原始社会至秦汉············································································································ 95 
　　二、三国两晋南北朝············································································································ 95 
　　三、隋唐································································································································ 97 
　　四、五代辽宋金元················································································································ 97 
　　五、明清······························································································································ 100 
　　六、古代绘画的特点·········································································································· 104 
　　七、历代名家······················································································································ 104 
　　第十讲   中国古代音乐·········································································································································· 108 
　　一、发展概貌······················································································································ 108 
　　二、音乐常识······················································································································ 110 
　　三、民族乐器······················································································································ 111 
　　四、中国古代十大名曲······································································································ 113 
　　第十一讲   中国古代礼仪····································································································································· 118 
　　一、概说······························································································································ 118 
　　二、政治礼仪······················································································································ 118 
　　三、生活礼仪······················································································································ 123 
　　第十二讲   中国古代科举···································································································································· 128 
　　一、科举与选举·················································································································· 128 
　　二．隋唐科举······················································································································ 129 
　　三、宋元科举······················································································································ 130 
　　四、明清科举······················································································································ 131 
　　五、科举制度的结束·········································································································· 134 
　　六、科举名人······················································································································ 134 
　　第十三讲   中国古人称谓···································································································································· 136 
　　一、姓、氏·························································································································· 136 
　　二、名、字·························································································································· 139 
　　三、号之种种······················································································································ 143 
　　四、名、字、号的用法······································································································ 149 
　　第十四讲   中国古代避讳···································································································································· 150 
　　一、名字的避讳·················································································································· 150 
　　二、避讳习俗始于何时······································································································ 150 
　　三、避讳的分类·················································································································· 150 
　　四、避讳的方法·················································································································· 155 
　　五、有关避讳的著作·········································································································· 157 
　　第十五讲   中国古代机械···································································································································· 158 
　　一、指南车·························································································································· 158 
　　二、木牛流马······················································································································ 158 
　　三、记里鼓车······················································································································ 160 
　　四、水转百戏······················································································································ 161 
　　五、地动仪·························································································································· 161 
　　六、鼓风机械······················································································································ 161 
　　七、走马灯·························································································································· 162 
　　第十六讲   中国古代对联···································································································································· 163 
　　一、对联简史······················································································································ 163 
　　二、对联分类······················································································································ 163 
　　三、修辞手法······················································································································ 164 
　　四、趣联故事······················································································································ 166 
　　附：口试题目举例第一讲   中国古代天文 
　　《三国演义》第一百三十四回：诸葛亮病重，夜观天象，慨然长叹：“吾命在旦夕矣！”姜维问其故，诸葛亮道：“吾见三台星中，客星倍明，主星幽隐，相辅列曜，其光昏暗。天象如此，吾命可知。”姜维说：“天象虽则如此，丞相何不用祈禳之法挽回之？”诸葛亮道：“吾素谙祈禳之法，但未知天意若何。汝可引甲士四十九人，各执皂旗，穿皂衣，环绕帐外，我自于帐中祈禳北斗。若七日内主灯不灭，吾寿可增一纪（十二年）；如灯灭，吾必死矣。闲杂人等，休教放入。凡一应需用之物，只令二小童搬运。”姜维遂前去安排。 
　　时值八月中秋，银河灿灿，玉露零零，旌旗不动，刁斗无声。诸葛亮在帐中设香花祭物，地上分布七盏大灯，外布四十九盏小灯，内安本命灯一盏，然后拜祝道：“亮生于乱世，甘老林泉。承昭烈皇帝三顾之恩，托孤之重，不敢不竭犬马之劳，誓讨国贼。不意将星欲坠，阳寿将终，谨书尺素，上告穹苍：伏望天慈，俯垂鉴听，曲延臣算，使得上报君恩，下救民命，克复旧物，永延汉祀。非敢妄祈，实由情切。”之后几日，诸葛亮日则计议军机，夜则步罡踏斗。及至第六夜，诸葛亮见主灯明亮，心中甚喜，心想再有几个时辰，禳星延寿即可大功告成。忽然间，听得帐外呐喊声起，诸葛亮刚想派人去问个究竟，只见魏延飞步闯入帐内报告：“魏兵来了！”